The Transcontinental Railroad and Westward Expansion Essay Example For Students

The Transcontinental Railroad and Westward Expansion Essay The Transcontinental Railroad and Westward Expansion Essay Thesis: The transcontinental railroad greatly increased Westward expansion in the United States of America during the latter half of the nineteenth century. The history of the United States has been influenced by England in many ways. In the second half of the 1800s, the railroad, which was invented in England, had a major effect on Western expansion in the United States. We will write a custom essay on The Transcontinental Railroad and Westward Expansion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Railroads were born in England, a country with dense populations, short distances between cities, and large financial resources. In America there were different circumstances, a sparse population in a huge country, large stretches between cities, and only the smallest amounts of money. (Railroad 85) The first American railroads started in the 1830s from the Atlantic ports of Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Charleston, and Savannah (Douglas 23). Within twenty years, four rail lines had crossed the Alleghenies to reach their goal on Western Waters of the Great Lakes or the tributaries of the Mississippi. Meanwhile, other lines had started West of the Appalachian mountains, and by the mid-1850s Chicago, St. Louis, and Memphis were connected to the East. Still other lines were stretching Westward, beyond the Mississippi. An international route connected New England and Montreal and another one crossed Southern Ontario between Niagara, New York, and the Detroit River. During the 1850s, North and South routes were developed both East and West of the Alleghenies. It was not until after the Civil War, however, that a permanent railroad bridge was constructed across the Ohio River. After the Civil War, the pace of railroad building increased. The Pacific railroads, the Union Pacific building from Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific building from Sacramento, California, had started to build a transcontinental railroad during the war to help promote national unity. They were joined at Promontory, Utah, on May 10, 1869, completing the first rail connection across the continent. Before the transcontinental railroad, the Eastern railroads had lines running only as far West as Omaha, Nebraska. The Western railroads had a few lines running North and South in California, far West of the wall of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. In between these two networks was a huge gap of about seventeen hundred miles of plains and mountain ranges. Closing this gap was a dream shared by many Americans. Businessmen thought of all the money they could make by having an entire continent full of customers and using the railroads to serve their needs. Romantics dreamed of the discoveries of wild Indians, scouts and hunters, and, of course, gold. Gold had been a desired find throughout the exploration of America. The California Gold Rush of 1849 again created much excitement about the search for gold. The Pacific Railroads were founded when the Civil War was in progress. Until the war was over, the transcontinental railroad was a giant enterprise stalled by much bickering between a reluctant Congress and the Army, who had clamored for it (Cooke 254). If it had been left to the government, it would have taken another twenty years to complete the transcontinental railroad. However, it was a commercial venture, and it was fortunately fed by the adrenaline of competition. There were two railroad companies building the transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific from the East, and the Central Pacific from the West. The two companies struggled to beat each other in slamming down a record mileage of track. At first, Congress avidly pursued the project and they had stipulated that the Central Pacific should stop when it reached the California Border (Congress was full of Easterners). In 1865, after much argument about the aid the government was providing to the two companies, the actual construction of the transcontinental railroad was started. Then in 1866, Congress decided that two companies should build as fast as possible and meet wherever they came together (255). .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff , .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .postImageUrl , .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff , .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff:hover , .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff:visited , .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff:active { border:0!important; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff:active , .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c2751640e6e31a037dd675d9c83e6ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Education Problem in Indonesia Essay First, the Union Pacific sent out location parties, tracing the line and clearing the path by killing the Sioux and the buffalo in the way of the railroad. Then came the construction gangs who, working in shifts, graded (flattened) the land by as much as a hundred miles a stretch. Behind them came the track-laying crews, each consisting of ten thousand men and as many animals. For each mile of track, the government was loaning the railroad from $16,000, for flat land, to $48,000, for mountainous land (Railroad 86). The supplies needed to lay a single mile of track included forty train cars to carry four hundred tons of .

The Complete List of NCAA Division 2 Colleges (Most Recent)

The Complete List of NCAA Division 2 Colleges (Most Recent) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The NCAA, the major governing body for intercollegiate sports, separates its member institutions by divisions. Division II colleges are generally smaller and have fewer athletic department resources than Division I schools, but they’re larger and more well funded than Division III institutions. While Division II schools may not have the money or get the publicity of Division I institutions, many Division II colleges have passionate fan bases that show enthusiastic support for their sports teams, especially for those teams that regularly compete for championships. In this article, I’ll give you a basic understanding of Division II and a complete list of current Division II schools by state. Why Are There NCAA Divisions? The NCAA created divisions in order to have competitive balance and level the playing field in NCAA sports. The idea behind divisions is for schools to be competing against other schools of a similar size and with similar resources. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. What Makes Division II Unique? Typically, the level of competition and caliber of athlete is lower than in Divison I but higher than in Division III. There are about 300 schools and thousands of students who participate in Division II sports. Division II schools offer athletic scholarships, but there is less athletic aid available in Division II than in Division I. The majority of athletes at Division II institutions are on partial athletic scholarships. There are 24 athletic conferences in Division II. NCAA Division II offers championships in 14 men's sports and 14 women's sports. Division II Fun Facts Division II student-athletes consistently graduate at a higher rate than other students at Division II institutions. Division II is the only division that has member institutions in Puerto Rico. It also has one Canadian institution. Divsion II has 6 schools with enrollments over 15,000 and 133 schools with enrollments below 2,500. The average enrollment of a Divsion II school is 3,848. 2015 NCAA Division II Football Champions How Should You Use This List? If there's a college you're considering, you can determine if it's a Division II institution. If you're interested in a particular sport, check to see which colleges are Division II in that sport. Some Division II schools will compete in Divsion I for one or two sports. Alabama University of Alabama in Huntsville Auburn University at Montgomery Miles College University of Montevallo University of North Alabama Spring Hill College Tuskegee University University of West Alabama Alaska University of Alaska Anchorage University of Alaska Fairbanks Arizona Grand Canyon University Arkansas Arkansas Tech University University of Arkansas, Fort Smith University of Arkansas, Monticello Harding University Henderson State University Ouachita Baptist University Southern Arkansas University British Columbia Simon Fraser University California Academy of Art University Azusa Pacific University Biola University California Baptist University California State Polytechnic University, Pomona California State University, Monterey Bay California State University, Chico California State University, Dominguez Hills California State University, East Bay California State University, Los Angeles California State University, San Bernardino California State University, Stanislaus California State University, San Marcos University of California, San Diego Concordia University Irvine Dominican University of California Fresno Pacific University Holy Names University Humboldt State University Notre Dame de Namur University Point Loma Nazarene University San Francisco State University Sonoma State University Colorado Adams State University Colorado Christian University Colorado Mesa University Colorado School of Mines Colorado State University-Pueblo University of Colorado, Colorado Springs Fort Lewis College Metropolitan State University of Denver Regis University Western State Colorado University Connecticut University of Bridgeport University of New Haven Post University Southern Connecticut State University Delaware Goldey-Beacom College Wilmington University District of Columbia University of the District of Columbia Florida Barry University Eckerd College Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Flagler College Florida Institute of Technology Florida Southern College Lynn University Nova Southeastern University Palm Beach Atlantic University Rollins College Saint Leo University University of Tampa University of West Florida Georgia Albany State University Armstrong State University Augusta University Clark Atlanta University Clayton State University Columbus State University Emmanuel College Fort Valley State University Georgia College Georgia Southwestern State University Morehouse College University of North Georgia Paine College Shorter University Valdosta State University University of West Georgia Young Harris College Hawaii Brigham Young University, Hawaii Chaminade University University of Hawaii at Hilo Hawaii Pacific University Idaho Northwest Nazarene University Illinois University of Illinois at Springfield Lewis University McKendree University Quincy University Indiana University of Indianapolis Oakland City University Purdue University Northwest University of Southern Indiana Saint Joseph’s College Iowa Upper Iowa University Kansas Emporia State University Fort Hays State University Newman University Pittsburg State University Washburn University of Topeka Kentucky Bellarmine University Kentucky State University Kentucky Wesleyan College Maryland Bowie State University Massachusetts American International College Assumption College Bentley University University of Massachusetts Lowell Merrimack College Stonehill College Michigan Davenport University Ferris State University Grand Valley State University Hillsdale College Lake Superior State University Michigan Technological University Northern Michigan University Northwood University Saginaw Valley State University Wayne State University Minnesota Bemidji State University Concordia University, St. Paul Minnesota State University, Mankato Minnesota State University, Moorhead University of Minnesota, Crookston University of Minnesota Duluth Southwest Minnesota State University St. Cloud State University Winona State University Mississippi Delta State University Mississippi College Missouri University of Central Missouri Drury University Lincoln University (Missouri) Lindenwood University Maryville University of Saint Louis Missouri University of Science and Technology Missouri Southern State University Missouri Western State University University of Missouri-St. Louis Northwest Missouri State University Rockhurst University Southwest Baptist University Truman State University William Jewell College Montana Montana State University Billings Nebraska Chadron State College University of Nebraska at Kearney Wayne State College New Hampshire Franklin Pierce University Southern New Hampshire University Saint Anselm College New Jersey Bloomfield College Caldwell University Felician College Georgian Court University New Mexico Eastern New Mexico University New Mexico Highlands University Western New Mexico University New York Adelphi University Concordia College (New York) Daemen College Dominican College (New York) Le Moyne College Mercy College Molloy College New York Institute of Technology Nyack College Pace University Long Island University/LIU Post Queens College (New York) Robert Wesleyan College The College of St. Rose St. Thomas Aquinas College North Carolina Barton College Belmont Abbey College Brevard College Catawba College Chowan University Elizabeth City State University Fayetteville State University Johnson C. Smith University Lees-McRae College Lenoir-Rhyne University Livingstone College Mars Hill University University of Mount Olive University of North Carolina at Pembroke Pfeiffer University Queens University of Charlotte Shaw University Saint Augustine’s University Wingate University Winston-Salem State University North Dakota University of Mary Minot State University Ohio Ashland University Cedarville University Central State University University of Findlay Lake Erie College Malone University Notre Dame College (Ohio) Ohio Dominican University Tiffin University Urbana University Ursuline College Walsh University Oklahoma Cameron University University of Central Oklahoma East Central University Northeastern State University Northwestern Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Baptist University Oklahoma Christian University Oklahoma Panhandle State University Rogers State University Southeastern Oklahoma State University Southern Nazarene University Southwestern Oklahoma State University Oregon Concordia University Portland Western Oregon University Pennsylvania Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania California University of Pennsylvania Chestnut Hill College Cheyney University of Pennsylvania Clarion University of Pennsylvania East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania Edinboro University of Pennsylvania Gannon University Holy Family University Indiana University of Pennsylvania Kutztown University of Pennsylvania The Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania Mansfield University of Pennsylvania Mercyhurst University Millersville University of Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown University of the Sciences Seton Hill University Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania West Chester University of Pennsylvania Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico, Bayamon University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras South Carolina Anderson University Benedict College Claflin University Coker College Converse College Erskine College Francis Marion University Lander University Limestone College Newberry College North Greenville University University of South Carolina Aiken Southern Wesleyan University South Dakota Augustana College Black Hills State University Northern State University University of Sioux Falls South Dakota School of Mines Technology Tennessee Carson-Newman University Christian Brothers University King University Lane College Lee University LeMoyne-Owen College Lincoln Memorial University Trevecca Nazarene University Tusculum College Union University Texas Abilene Christian University Angelo State University Dallas Baptist University University of the Incarnate Word Lubbock Christian University Midwestern State University St. Edward’s University St. Mary’s University (Texas) Tarleton State University Texas AM International University Texas AM University-Commerce Texas AM University-Kingsville University of Texas of the Permian Basin Texas Woman’s University West Texas AM University Utah Dixie State University Virginia The University of Virginia’s College at Wise Virginia State University Virginia Union University Saint Michael’s College Washington Central Washington University Seattle Pacific University Saint Martin’s University Western Washington University West Virginia Alderson Broaddus University Bluefield State College University of Charleston (West Virginia) Concord University Davis and Elkins College Fairmont State University Glenville State College Ohio Valley University Salem International University Shepherd University West Liberty University West Virginia State University West Virginia Wesleyan College Wheeling Jesuit University Wisconsin University of Wisconsin, Parkside What's Next? Learn more about the differences between NCAA divisions. Also, check out the complete lists of Division I and Division III schools. If you're a prospective student-athlete, find out the SAT and ACT scores you need to be eligible to compete in the NCAA. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Sport in the USA and Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sport in the USA and Canada - Essay Example By doing this, and as well taking into consideration any and all other key and related issues, we will not only be able to gain a more informed and knowledgeable understanding on both countries in terms of sport overall, but as well we will be able to see the similarities and differences that are present in this regards. This is what will be dissertated in the following. In both the United States and Canada sports are looked upon as being of great significance and importance, however one of the most major points that should be pointed out to begin with here is the fact that different sports are looked upon as being more important in each country. While hockey is the predominant sport in Canada, football and basketball are the predominant sports in the United States. Sports are a national pastime in both countries, and as well, professional sports are a sizeable business venture in both cases. In fact, professional sports are one of the largest and most powerful business ventures of all in both cases, particularly so in the United States, where more sports are more largely predominant. ... e United States has fifty states and basically a team from each state, Canada tends to only have a few teams for each sport, and thus this obviously narrows down the influence of Canada in sport overall in comparison to the United States. When we look at particular sports, such as hockey and curling, we automatically think of Canada before the United States, while when we think of baseball and football we tend to think of the United States first, and there is a big question surrounding this - why The answer is quite simple, and it is that the sport simply suits the overall culture of each country; Canada has a consistently colder climate and so sports such as hockey and curling are able to be played for longer durations throughout the year, whereas in the United States, where there is mild weather for most of the year throughout most of the country, they are thus then able to play more fair weather sports, such as baseball, basketball and football, for instance. The role and importance of sport in the United States is incredible, and athletes are actually looked up to by a lot of people more than any other media figure, they are respected that much. In fact, the influence that these athletes have on the lives of today's male and female youth in particular has been analyzed in various different studies, one in particular which was co-authored by a professor and which was conducted by two undergraduate students at the United States Sports Academy. "Athletes at the middle school, high school and junior college level were asked to rate the importance of sports in their lives and the likelihood of advancement in athletics as well as careers in sports. The two survey researchers, their professor and a third undergraduate analyzed the results of the survey and how they

The Book The Road and The Movie The Shop on Main Street Essay

The Book The Road and The Movie The Shop on Main Street - Essay Example In the book â€Å"The Road†, Cormac McCarthy writes of a period that had been established during the post-apocalyptic time and the setting is purely fictional to generate the mood that had been associated with failed determination at progress. These two tales predict the events within the universe using different approaches with the movie predicting actual events in relation to the Jewish treatment during the famous war and the book telling tragedy at the time the universe had been created to be linked to a fictional universe. The relationship had been accorded to the two tales to accord the needed incentive in delivering a stable plot development. The movie â€Å"The Shop on Main Street† and the book â€Å"The Road† have both been developed to indicate the nature that humanity may be subjected to the harsh conditions on both fictional and reality scale, and deliver means to find solutions of survival. The Shop on Main Street The movie depicts the plot placed to reflect the nature that the form fascism may be relayed towards innocent living to harm positive societal relations. The character Tono Briko who is depicted as a Czech carpenter is presented with the solution that would uplift his low stature. Tono establishes the relationship with an elderly Jewish woman in the attempt to offer security to her button shop business. Although he is depicted as a lazy individual without ambition, he is accorded the status of an assistant within the new business as a reward for the loyalty that he had portrayed (Crowther). The plot twist had been when he had been faced with the decision of protecting his friend or betraying her, as the Jewish citizens had to be transported and interdicted. Kadar and Klos had created the movie to bear the reflection of the subjections placed on the individuals who had witnessed the tyrannical rule of Hitler. The climax of the plot development had been seen when the tough decision had to be made concerning the human abi lity of relating between the virtues of presenting a saintly character to the evil personality that creates human relation. The plot had been developed to change the outlook issued from the developed theme of positive relation to the period that had been presented to acknowledge difficult decision of protecting the interest of the weak. The period favored the system implemented where the Jewish had been accorded the difficulty to exist during the Hitler regime. The story set had been developed to present the oppression theme on two individuals from both sides of justice. The elderly Jewish woman had been intentionally used in the plot development to relate to the Aryan co-worker to inform of the imbalance that had been inevitable. Although she fulfilled the demands that had been placed upon her to employ an Aryan, the difficulty presented had been noticed when the movie ended in the decision that Tono had to face. The theme of betrayal and oppression is played intricately within the development of the play to limit progress and peaceful relations needed to grant total closure. The time had been crucially related to the historical impact of the reign that Hitler had presented during his reign. The oppressed during the time had composed of Jewish who had been subjected to difficult presentation during the rule of the Nazi. The Road McCarthy’

Theories of Motivation, Emotion, and Arousal Essay Example for Free

Theories of Motivation, Emotion, and Arousal Essay Motivation speaks of the launching, direction, strength, and persistence of human behavior. (Geen, 1994) This means motivation maintains an important role in the normal functioning of all individuals.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of this, numerous theories have been developed to achieve a clearer understanding of the mechanisms of the human motivational system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the more traditional theories of motivation is the arousal theory. This theory sates that an individual is compelled to seek a certain level of arousal in order to continue to feel comfortable. In this theory, an individual’s specific goals and behavior is not as relevant as his or her drive to maintain a pre-set level of arousal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another theory of motivation is the attribution theory of motivation and emotion. This theory stresses the fact that individual’s are highly motivated by desirable outcomes which make them feel good about themselves. The theory is grounded on the assumption that a person interprets his or her environment in such a way that a positive self-image is maintained. Thus the amount of effort he or she exerts, the motivation, for a behavior is dependent on his or her attribution for the success or failure of that specific task.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fact that the arousal theory views humans as organisms living simply on a homeostatic drive without thought to the cognitive and emotional capacities of man puts it in lesser standing. Also, it is only able to account for internal factors that contribute to behavior. The attribution theory, on the other hand, is an applicable theory even in the field of education where it is able to predict instances wherein a student will most likely persist at a certain academic task. Attribution theory allows for a more holistic view of the individual and his environment. It is a stronger theory as it holds much potential for expansion and furthering of its concepts and because it relates to many other established concepts of psychology. Stress : Impact and Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stress in lay terms can be used to refer to emotions of anxiety, agitation, unease, tension, pressure, and a generally depressive state created by an individual’s interaction with the environment. In psychological terms, stress indicates a disagreeable emotional and physiological state of arousal as experienced in instances wherein an individual senses a danger or a threat to their well-being. The responses, which can be physiological, emotional, or behavioral in nature, to such situations can also be considered as stress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of the fact that stress is a natural part of a human’s daily experience, much research has been conducted to study its effects and its management. The most common physiological response to stress is one triggered by the body’s Sympathetic Nervous System, the fight or flight response. This involves an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. The individual’s perspiration also increases. Also, hearing and vision become more attuned to the environment. Blood is directed away from the extremities and towards the body’s large muscles thus resulting in the sensation of coldness in the hands and feet. Chronic stress can result in experience of headaches and an increased susceptibility to colds. It can result in an increase in cortisol levels which weakens the immune system and leaves the individual more prone to health problems like diabetes, hyperthyroidism, heart disease, obesity and ulcers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The negative effects of stress on the body can be lessened with proper stress management. These often involve using relaxation techniques when experiencing stress such as Progressive Muscle Relaxation, meditation, and learning command of breathing and muscle tension. Being able to anticipate stressful events is also a means of management. Knowing one’s optimal stress levels and the stressors that cause intense reactions are adaptive prevention techniques that may serve more efficiently than established intervention techniques. Reference Geen, R. (1994). Human motivation: A psychological approach. New York:Wadsworth Publishing.

James Madison Essay -- biographies bio biography

James Madison James Madison was born in 1751 and died in 1836. He was the fourth president of the United States (1809-1817). Madison worked for American independence, helped to establish the government of the new nation, and went on to participate in that government as congressman, secretary of state, and president. Madison's work on the Constitution of the United States gave him his best opportunity to exercise his great talents and is generally considered his most valuable contribution. More than any other person, Madison can be considered responsible for making the Bill of Rights part of the Constitution. His intense concern for religious and intellectual freedom led him to seek the strongest possible safeguards of individual liberty. In 1776, Madison was elected a delegate to the Virginia constitutional convention. Madison wrote the article of the declaration of rights that asserted the right of all "to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience." In December 1779, Madison was elected to the Continental Congress. He took his seat with the Virginia delegation in March 1780 and after the first few months, he assumed a leading role in Congress. In the spring of 1784 Madison again ran for election to the Virginia assembly and won. He served nearly three years there, advocating the strengthening of the federal government. Madison was one of the first delegates to arrive in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention. Madison proposed a government with strong central powers, including a national judiciary and an elected national executive, and with authority to veto legislation of individual states. Primarily, Madison sought to provide the central government "with positive and complete autho... ...y, along with statesmen John Quincy Adams and Albert Gallatin, to hold peace talks with the British at Ghent, Belgium. On his instructions they negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, which was signed on December 24, 1814. The primary concession Madison won was surrender by Britain of American territory captured during the war. A growing prosperity and a spirit of expansion in the United States marked the final two years of Madison's presidency. Madison himself appeared to be swept along by the nationalistic feeling of the times. Although he persisted in a strict interpretation of federal powers under the Constitution, he felt it appropriate now to sign into law several pieces of legislation he had vigorously fought against in earlier years. Among these were a bill creating a national bank and a tariff act designed to protect American industries from foreign competition.

Difference between retained earnings

Retained earnings is the profit generated by a company that are not distributed to stockholders (shareholders) as dividends but are either reinvested in the business or kept as a reserve for specific objectives (such as to pay off a debt or purchase a capital asset). A balance sheet figure shown under the heading retained earnings is the sum of all profits retained since the companys inception. Retained earnings are reduced by losses, and are also called accumulated earnings, accumulated profit, accumulated Income, accumulated surplus, earned surplus, ndistributed earnings, or undivided profits.Profit and loss account is one of the financial statements of a company and shows the companys revenues and expenses during a particular period. It Indicates how the revenues (money received from the sale of products and services before expenses are taken out, also known as the â€Å"top line†) are transformed into the net income (the result after all revenues and expenses have been acc ounted for, also known as â€Å"net profit† or the â€Å"bottom line†). It displays the revenues recognized tor a specific period, nd the cost and expenses charged against these revenues, including write- offs (e. . , depreciation and amortization of various assets) and taxes. The purpose of the income statement is to show managers and investors whether the company made or lost money during the period being reported. When any amount is kept separate by a company out of its profit for future purpose then that is called as General reserves. In other words, the general reserves are the ‘retained earnings' of a company which are kept aside out of company's profits to meet future known or unknown obligations.General reserves are the part of ‘Profit and Loss Appropriation Account'. The general reserve is a free reserve which can be utilized for any purpose after fulfilling certain conditions. The primary differences between the retained earnings , profit and loss account and general reserve is as follows: Point of difference Retained earning Account General reserve Definition This is the profit which is not distributed to the stockholders but probably reinvested In the business. This Is the financial statement of a company which shows the tOf2 for future purposes. UsesThis is used or retained as earnings for specific objectives like to pay off debts etc. The purpose of the income statement is to show managers and investors whether the company made or lost money during the period being reported. General reserve is certain amount of money kept aside for future need or unexpected expenses. Found under A balance sheet figure shown under the heading retained earnings is the sum of all profits retained since the company's inception. Found in the final accounts statement book General reserves are the part of Profit and Loss Appropriation Account.